References and notes
ASA adjudication 21 December 2005 – misrepresentation of CO2 emission control. Calculation as coal-fired or as mixed-fuel grid average? http://www.asa.org.uk/asa/adjudications/non_broadcast/Adjudication+Details.htm?Adjudication_id=40704
Bass, R.J. & Wilmot, P (2004) Wind Power may not be the answer. UK Power Issue 2.
Bowdler (2005) ETSU-R-97 Why it is Wrong – written for Whinash Public Inquiry.
Brandenburg State Environment Office ( 2006) Vogelverluste an Windenergieanlagen in Deutschland Daten aus der zentralen Fundkartei der Staatlichen Vogelschutzwarte im Landesumweltamt Brandenburg zusammengestellt: Tobias Dürr; Stand vom: 11. Januar 2006].
British Wind Energy Association (BWEA) (2006) Homes supplied – website data.
BWEA (2005) Website http://www.bwea.com/
BWEA (2006) Website fact sheet Noise from Wind Turbines: the Facts
Canada – Kyoto (2006) An open letter to Prime Minister Stephen Harper signed by 60 senior specialists, mostly in the climatological or related fields. The letter disputes scientific ‘consensus’ on the matter of CO2-driven global warming. It is reproduced at http://www.canada.com/nationalpost/news/story.html?id=3711460e-bd5a-475d-a6be-4db87559d605
Cefn Croes (2005) Environmental Management Committee (Minutes 23 February 2005).
Chernobyl Forum (2003–2005 Second revised version) Chernobyl’s Legacy: Health, Environmental an Socio-economic Impacts and Recommendations to the Governments of Belarus, the Russian Federation and Ukraine.
Country Guardian (2000) The Case Against Wind 'Farms' (previous edition).
CPA (2005) House of Commons Committee of Public Accounts report on the DTI
Danish Wind Turbine Manufacturing Organisation (1997). The Energy Balance of
Modern Wind Turbines. Wind Power 16 (Krohn, S. ed).
DEFRA (2004) Consultation on the review of the UK Climate Change Programme (the report actually gives a figure of 2.5 Mt carbon/year saved by renewable electricity generation [mainly wind]. This is equivalent to 9.2 Mt CO2).
DTI (2005). A Guide: Sale of power opportunities for distributed generators. Part B. The Guide.
DTI (2005) Annual Abstract of Statistics
DTI (2005) Renewable Energy website Renewables explained FAQs Wind power: 10 myths explained (http://www.dti.gov.uk/energy/sources/renewables/renewables-explained/intro/intro-faqs/Wind%20power%2010%20myths%20explained/page16060.html)
DTI (1999 N&R Energy) New & Renewable Energy Prospects for the 21st Century
The Renewables Obligation Statutory Consultation
DTI (2003) Energy White Paper
DUKES (2005) Digest of UK Energy Statistics
ESB, the Irish National Grid (2004) Impact of Wind Power Generation in Ireland on the Operation of Conventional Plant and the Economic Implications.
E.ON (2004 & 2005) Windpower Report 2004. Ditto 2005.
Etherington (2003a) Windpower and saving of CO2-emission. www.wind-farm.org (no longer accessible. Copy available from author).
Etherington (2003b) Opposition to Wind Power: The Nuclear Smear. www.wind-farm.org (no longer accessible. Copy available from author).
Feedback. The process of self-correction in which an environmental change triggers a correcting response. For example when a fridge gets too cold, its thermostat switches- off the electricity allowing it to return to the correct temperature before triggering 'switch-on' again. This is a negative feedback. A positive feedback would be one in which falling temperature increased the cooling process and the fridge would become progressively colder in a 'runaway' freeze.
Greenhouse gases. The six greenhouse gases embraced by Kyoto are: - carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O) – all largely from natural sources and - sulphur hexafluoride (SF6), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), and perfluorocarbons (PFCs) mostly from human activity.
Greenpeace (2005). Decentralising Power: An Energy Revolution for the 21st Century
Hansard (18 November 2003) Column 1851 reply: Lord Sainsbury of Turville [for DTI]: “The calculations that I have given assume a load factor of 30 per cent onshore and 35 per cent offshore. They are realistic figures……”
Hayden, Howard C. (2004) The Solar Fraud: Why Solar Energy Won’t Run The World. 2nd edn. Vales Lake Publishing.
HMSO (2005) Social Trends, 34, Table 2.1. 24.6 million homes in the UK Social Trends.
House of Lords Select Committee on Economic Affairs 'The Economics of Climate Change', July 2005
House of Lords Select Committee on the European Communities, 12th Report, Session 1998-99, Electricity from Renewables HL Paper 78. BWEA fact sheet on noise cites this: - "thanks to improvements in technology ...., noise is no longer the issue it was."
House of Lords (2003-04) Science and Technology Committee - Minutes of Evidence Session 2003-04 http://www.parliament.the-stationery- office.co.uk/pa/ld200304/ldselect/ldsctech/999/4021101.htm
ICE (2005 a) Kerr, D. Marine energy: getting power from tides and waves. Civil Engineering (Proceedings of ICE) 158, 32-39.
ICE (2005 b) AbuBakr, R. Solar photovoltaic energy: generation in the built environment. Civil Engineering (Proceedings of ICE) 158, 45-51.
IPCC – Intergovernmental Panel on Climatic Change.
IPCC (2000) Special Report on Emissions Scenarios. "The sign of the net cloud feedback is still a matter of uncertainty."
IPCC (2005) Special Report on Carbon dioxide Capture and Storage: Summary for Policymakers.
Jago, P & Taylor N (2002) Wind Turbines and Aviation Interests
- European Experience and Practice. ETSU W/14/00624/REP DTI PUB URN No. 03/515
Lamb (1995, 2nd edn.) Climate History and the Modern World. Routledge.
Manwell, J. F., McGowan, J. G. & Rogers, A. L. (2002) Wind Energy Explained. Wiley, Chichester
Mayewski, P. & White, F. (2002) The Ice Chronicles. University Press of New England.
O’Brien, M. (2005) Letter of response to Ian Cawsey MP representing Humberhead against Turbines. DTI Ref 00523006. 15 March 2005. The relevant paragraph of an attached sheet of notes reads: “We agree with the paper that it would be appropriate to use an average generating mix when calculating CO2 savings from a wind turbine. This is consistent with DTI Wind Energy factsheet 14.”
OECD Factbook 2005. Economic Environmental and Social Statistics (c. 24,000 Mt CO2 total global emission p.a. of human origin – by ratio the UK renewable electricity target saving is 0.00038 – about four ten-thousandths)
Ofgem (2006.) http://www.ofgem.gov.uk/temp/ofgem/cache/cmsattach/13428_0306.pdf Use of Compulsory Purchase Orders.
Oxford Environmental Change Institute (2005). Windpower and the UK Wind Resource ed Graham Sinden.
Pedersen, E & Waye, K. P. (2005) Human response to wind turbine noise – annoyance and moderating factors 1st Int. Meeting Wind Turbine Noise: Perspectives for Control, Berlin.
Pierpont, N. (2006). Wind Turbine Syndrome Testimony before the New York State Legislature Energy Committee
PPS 22 (2004) Planning Policy Statement 22: Renewable Energy http://www.odpm.gov.uk/index.asp?id=1143908
Prices. Electricity prices are quoted in different units, most frequently pence/kWh for domestic charging, and £/MWh in commercial transactions. 1.0 p/kWh = £10/MWh i.e. multiply the digits by 10 to convert p/kWh to £/MWh. Wholesale electricity price fluctuates very widely on the short-term market, related to supply and demand. When the RO scheme was introduced in 2002 it averaged under £20/MWh but has now doubled in cost (2006), reflecting soaring fuel prices.
RAE (2002) An Engineering Appraisal of the Policy and Innovation Unit’s Energy review prepared by The Royal Academy of Engineering for Mr B. Wilson MP, Minister of State for Energy and Industry.
RCEP (2002) The Future Development of Air Transport in the United Kingdom: A National Consultation, Response by the Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution.
Remax Estate Agency (2005). Report on a sample of properties inspected near a proposed wind farm at Esgairwen Fawr
Reserve capacity. The National Grid plc aims for a system margin of about 20% over peak demand thus insuring against generating plant or transmission failure. Some of this spare capacity would be on ‘hot standby’, i.e. connected to the network and operating at part load to ensure a stability of connection as in the case of steam plant, or available for instant start-up and connection as is the case for hydro and gas-turbine plant.
RICS Survey (2004) Impact of wind farms on the value of residential property and agricultural land.
Royal Society of Edinburgh (2005). Birkett, D. G. Submission to the Royal Society of Edinburgh Investigation of Response Times for Standby Generation Plant. http://www.royalsoced.org.uk/enquiries/energy/evidence/Birkett.pdf
Schneider S. & Rasool S., 1971. Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide and Aerosols - Effects of Large Increases on Global Climate". Science,173, 138-141
Smallwood, K.S. and Thelander, C.G., Developing methods to reduce bird mortality in the Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area, Public Interest Energy Research Program Contract No. 500-01-019, Final Report to the California Energy Commission, 2004, www.energy.ca.gov/pier/final_project_reports/500-04-052.html )
Styles, O. et al (July 2005) Microseismic and Infrasound Monitoring of Low Frequency Noise and Vibration from Windfarms: Recommendations on the siting of Windfarms in the Vicinity of Eskdalmuir, Scotland. University of Keele.
Sustainable Development Commission (2005). Windpower in the UK
In May 2005 he Commission, chaired by Sir Jonathon Porritt, further supported the use of a lower CO2 emission displacement figure. The following is cut and pasted from p35 of a corrected version dated November 2005 ( http://www.sd-commission.org.uk/news/resource_download.php?attach_id=ENILFIX-SEUWJ78-N9277OA-BE2Y669 ): -
"... one must make some assumptions as to how much carbon wind energy output is displacing. There are large differences between the CO2 emissions associated with coal (243 tC/GWh) compared to natural gas (97 tC/GWh), with none associated to nuclear power. As already explained, it would be unrealistic to assume that wind energy would displace any nuclear capacity, and it is most likely that it will displace coal in the short to medium term. However, the actual CO2 displacement in 2020 is hard to estimate and so for the purpose of this report, it has been assumed that wind output will displace the average emissions resulting from gas-fired plant. This figure is likely to be conservative, as in reality some coal-fired generation is likely to exist in 2020. However, it is the figure that the DTI use and is used here”
[the conversion of 97 tC/GWh to t CO2 /MWh gives a figure of 0.36 t CO2 /MWh which is substantially less even than the 0.43 t CO2 /MWh used by DEFRA/DTI]
Sustainable Development Commission (2006). The role of nuclear power in a low carbon economy.
TAN 8 (2005) Technical Advice Note 8: Planning for Renewable Energy, Welsh Assembly Government.
Tourism Operators in North West Lewis (2004) North West Lewis Visitor Survey into Attitudes to Windfarm Development
UKERC (2006) The Costs and Impacts of Intermittency: http://www.ukerc.ac.uk/content/view/259/953
Units and terminology. The fundamental unit of electrical generation or consumption rate is the watt (W). As the watt is a tiny rate, domestic usage is mainly reckoned in kilowatts (kW). The prefixes such as ‘kilo-’ are multipliers of 1000, so a kilowatt = 1000 W. In sequence we then have mega- (M), giga- (G) and tera- (T), thence MW, GW and TW – a terawatt is a million, million watts (1012 W). The total amount of electricity delivered or used is calculated by multiplying by time in hours – the watt-hour (Wh). Domestic total consumption is conveniently expressed in kWh (the domestic Unit) and the larger amounts of electricity from power stations in MWh, GWh or TWh.
VisitScotland (2003) Investigation into the Potential Impact of Wind Farms on Tourism in Scotland
Wales Tourist Board (October 2003) Investigation into the Potential Impact of Wind Farms on Tourism in Wales. Summary report;
Yes2Wind (Friends of the Earth, Greenpeace and WWF) www.yes2wind.com
The Case against Windfarms